February 24-27, 2015
February 20-27, 2015
ATOMIC STRUCTURE REVISITED
99% OF ALL CHEMISTRY CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE ATOMS, IONS OR MOLECULES
Neils Bohr electrons have energy (E)
The Bohr Atom
a) There is a nucleus (this was Rutherford's discovery).
b) The electrons move about the nucleus in "orbits" also called energy levels or shells.
c) When an electron moves from one energy level to another, the energy lost or gained is done so ONLY in very specific amounts of energy. These specific amounts of energy are called quanta. The energy is said to be quantized.
d) Specific spectra (light energy) are absorbed or released when an electron moves from one energy level to another.
e) Each element absorbs or releases spectra that are specific for that element and therefore can identify the element.
MAX PLANCK
MATTER CAN LOSE OR GAIN ENERGY IN SMALL, SPECIFIC AMOUNTS CALLED QUANTA
QUANTUM
THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED TO MOVE AN ELECTRON FROM ITS PRESENT ENERGY LEVEL TO THE NEXT HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL
Eq=hγ
Eq=ENERGY OF A QUANTUM H= PLANCKS CONSTANT γ= FREQUENCY
LIGHT
ENERGY THAT TRAVELS IN WAVES.
WAVES
A DISTURBANCE THAT CARRIES ENERGY
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
waves that travel at the speed of light (3.0 x 1023 m/sec) and can travel in any medium including a vacuum.
WAVELENGTH
THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO IDENTICAL POINTS ON TWO ADJACENT WAVES
FREQUENCY
the number of waves that pass by per second. Frequency is usually measured in Hertz (cycles/sec)
AMPLITUDE
Amplitude is the distance from the rest position to the crest position which is half the vertical distance from a trough to a crest
SPECTROSCOPE
INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE THE WAVELENGTH OF VISIBLE LIGHT
ELECTRON CONFIGFURATION
THE WAYS IN WHICH THE ELECTRONS ARE ARRANGED AROUND THE NUCLEUS
PHOTON
A QUANTUM OF LIGHT ENERGY
RULES FOR ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
1) AUFBAU PRINCIPLE: ELECTRONS WILL ALWAYS OCCUPY THE LOWEST ENERGY ORBITALS AVAILABLE.
2) PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE: A MAXIMUM OF 2 ELECTRONS (WITH OPPOSITE SPINS) CAN OCCUPY AN ORBITAL.
3) HUND'S RULE: FOR EQUAL ENERGY ORBITALS, ELECTRONS WILL OCCUPY EACH ORBITAL BEFORE PAIRING UP
NOBEL GAS (SHORTCUT) ELECTRON CONFIGURATION IS DONE BY FIRST WRITING THE PREVIOUS NOBEL GAS IN PARANTHESES, FOLLOWED BY THE REMAINING ELCTRON CONFIGURATION.
VALENCE ELECTRONS:
THE ELECTRONS IN AN ATOMS OUTERMOST ORBITALS. VALENCE ELECTRONS DETERMINE THE ELEMENTS CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
LIGHT
ENERGY THAT TRAVELS IN WAVES.
ALSO CALLED ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
WAVES THAT DO NOT NEED A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL AND TRAVEL AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT (3.0 X 10^23 METERS PER SECOND) IN A VACUUM.
RADIATION
THE EMISSION OF ENERGY AS ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
WAVES
A DISTURBANCE THAT CARRIES ENERGY
WAVELENGTH
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO IDENTICAL POINTS ON TWO ADJACENT WAVES
FREQUENCY
THE NUMBER OF WAVES THAT PASS THROUGH A SPECIFIC AREA PER SECOND
SPECTROSCOPE
INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE THE WAVELENGTH OF VISIBLE LIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE RANGE OF ALL POSSIBLE FREQUENCIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
ENERGY LEVELS
A REGION AROUND THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM WHERE THE ELECTRON IS MOVING.
GROUND STATE
THE LOWEST ENERGY LEVEL OCCUPIED BY AN ELECTRON. THE MOST STABLE STATE OF THE ATOM.
EXCITED STATE
AN ENERGY LEVEL HIGHER THAN THE GROUND STATE
ATOMIC EMISSION
FREQUENCIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EMITTED DUE TO AN ATOM'S TRANSITION FROM A HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL TO A LOWER ENERGY LEVEL
February 5-20, 2015
Kinetic molecular theory
The tiny particles (atoms,molecules) in all forms of matter are in constant motion.
The Gas Laws
Boyle's Law
The volume of a fixed amount of gas,at constant temerature, varies inversely with the pressure
P1 x V1 =P2 x V2 = constant
Charles Law
The volume of a fixed amount of gas, at constant pressure, is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature
V1 = V2 = constant
T1 T2
Gay-Lussac's Law
The pressure of a fixed amount of gas, at constant volume, is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature
P1 = P2 = constant
T1 T2
Kelvin temperature scale
the temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 273K and the boiling point is 373K. 0K is absolute zero.
The Combined Gas Law
A single law that states the relationship between pressure, volume and temperature of a fixed amount of gas.
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
T1 T2
STP (Standard temperature and pressure)
the conditions in which the volume of a gas is often measured; standard temperature is 0 celsius, standard pressure is 1 atm
Daltons Law of Partial Pressure
at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases present.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....
ideal gas law
the relationship between pressure, temperature, volume and moles
PV=nrt
Effusion
when molecules escape through tiny holes in a container
Graham's Law of Effusion or Diffusion
The rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass Avogadro's Principle
equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles.
Molar Volume
The volume of one mole of gas at STP. Molar volume at STP is 22.4L
February 2014
February 27
Students took the first test of the third marking period
Blocks 1A,5A
Atomic Radius
the term used to describe the size of the atom.
The atomic radius of an atom decreases as you move left to right across a period and increases as you move from top to bottom down a group.
Ion: an atom that aquires a charge by losing or gaining
electrons.
Octet rule: atoms tend to
gain,lose or share electrons in order to aquire a full set of 8 valence electrons (valence electron configuration of a nobel
gas).
Ionization energy:
The energy needed to remove
an electron from a gaseous atom.
The ionization energy of an
atom increases as you move left to right across a period and decreases as you move top to bottom down a group.
Electronegativity:
an atoms ability to attract electrons while in a chemical bond. Electronegativity increases left to right across a period and decreases top to bottom down a group.
All three periodic trends can be explained with the same reasoning.
As you move across a period from left to right each atom has one proton and one electron more than the preceding atom. The protons are added to the nucleus increasing the nuclear charge. The electrons are added to the same energy level. All the electrons in the period have the same distance from the nucleus.
As you move down a group from top to bottom you are adding energy levels with each step down. The nuclear distance is increasing with each step down.
*** Nuclear attraction increases left to right across a period and decrease top to bottom down a group due to the distance between the nucleus (+) and the outermost electrons(-)
Shielding effect
Inner (core) electrons shield the outermost electrons from the nuclear attraction.
Block 2A
Valence electrons
electrons in the highest
occupied energy level of the atom.
electron dot
structure (Lewis electron dot structure)
the valence electrons are displayed as dots around the symbol of the
element.
Octet Rule
Atoms in compounds have the electron configuration of a noble gas. 8 electrons in it's valence
shell.
FebruARY 19
mAX pLANCK
MATTER CAN EITHER LOSE OR GAIN ENERGY IN SMALL, SPECIFIC AMOUNTS CALLED QUANTA
quantum
THE AMOUNTOF ENERGY NEEDED TO MOVE AN ELECTRON FROM ITS PRESENT ENERGY LEVFEL TO THE NEXT HIGHER ONE
eLECTRON CONFIGFURATION
THE WAYS IN WHICH THE ELECTRONS ARE ARRANGED AROUND THE NUCLEUS
PHOTON
A QUANTUM OF LIGHT ENERGY
Rules for Electron Configuration
1) Aufbau Principle: electrons will always occupy the lowest energy orbitals available.
2) Pauli Exclusion Principle: a maximum of 2 electrons (with opposite spins) can occupy an orbital.
3) Hund's Rule: for equal energy orbitals, electrons will occupy each orbital before pairing up
Nobel gas (shortcut) electron configuration is done by first writing the previous nobel gas in parantheses, followed by the remaining elctron configuration.
Valence electrons:
The electrons in an atoms outermost orbitals. Valence electrons determine the elements chemical properties.
February 10
99% of all chemistry can be explained by the behavior of the electrons
Light
energy that travels in waves.
Also called electromagnetic radiation
electromagnetic radiation
WAVES THAT DO NOT NEED A MEDIUM TO TRAVEL AND TRAVEL AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT (3.0 X 10^23 meters per second) in a vacuum.
radiation
the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves
waves
a disturbance that carries energy
wavelength
the distance between two identical points on two adjacent waves
frequency
the number of waves that pass through a specific area per second
Spectroscope
instrument used to measure the wavelength of visible light
Electromagnetic spectrum
the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation
Niels Bohr
Scientist that introduced a new model of the atom that included energy levels for the electrons
energy levels
a region around the nucleus of the atom where the electron is moving.
ground state
the lowest energy level occupied by an electron. The most stable state of the atom.
excited state
an energy level higher than the ground state
atomic emission
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to an atom's transition from a higher energy level to a lower energy level
February 5, 2014
Blocks 1A,5A
Students completed quarterly
February 28,2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
Students worked on another mole to mole stochiometry worksheet. We then introduced mass to stochiometry and students worked on a mass to mass worksheet and started a stochiometry lab. Both worksheets can be downloaded below.
mole-mole_stochiometry_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 95 kb |
File Type: |
stoichiometry_mass_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 90 kb |
File Type: |
February 27,2013
Blocks 1B,5B
Students finished the mole lab and practice more mole conversions.
Stoichiometry
The quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants used and products formed in a chemical reaction
Mole Ratio
The ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation.
Students worked on the worksheet that can be downloaded below
mole-mole_stochiometry_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 95 kb |
File Type: |
February 26,2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
Students finished the mole lab and practice more mole conversions.
Stoichiometry
The quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants used and products formed in a chemical reaction
Mole Ratio
The ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation.
February 25,2013
Blocks 1B,5B
Mole conversions were then practiced with a worksheet and lab that can be downloaded below.
moles_moleculesand_grams_lab.pdf | |
File Size: | 118 kb |
File Type: |
grams_to_moles_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 39 kb |
File Type: |
Stoichiometry
The quantitative relationship between the amounts of reactants used and products formed in a chemical reaction
Mole Ratio
The ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation.
February 22,2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
The class took the first test of the third marking period
Mole conversions were then practiced with a worksheet and lab that can be downloaded below.
February 21,2013
Blocks 1B,5B
The class took the first test of the third marking period
Mole conversions were then practiced with a worksheet and lab that can be downloaded below.
February 20,2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
The class reviewed for the upcoming test the next time we meet.
Mole conversions were then practiced with a worksheet and lab that can be downloaded below.
moles_molecules_grams_worksheet.pdf | |
File Size: | 51 kb |
File Type: |
moles_moleculesand_grams_lab.pdf | |
File Size: | 118 kb |
File Type: |
February 19, 2013
Blocks 1B,5B
mole
the amount of a substance that contains 6.02 x 10 ^23 particles of that substance
molar mass (gram formula mass)
the mass of a mole of any element or compound. Equal to the atomic mass expressed in grams
Students worked on the molar mass worksheet below
molar_mass_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 41 kb |
File Type: |
February 18, 2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
mole
the amount of a substance that contains 6.02 x 10 ^23 particles of that substance
molar mass (gram formula mass)
the mass of a mole of any element or compound. Equal to the atomic mass expressed in grams
Students worked on the molar mass worksheet below
molar_mass_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 41 kb |
File Type: |
Students worked on the moles to mass to particles worksheet below
moles_molecules_grams_worksheet.pdf | |
File Size: | 51 kb |
File Type: |
Students worked on the moles, molecules grams lab. Download below
moles_moleculesand_grams_lab.pdf | |
File Size: | 118 kb |
File Type: |
February 15
Blocks 1B, 5B
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
animation
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
animation of precipitation reaction
another animation
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
Students worked on the other side of the worksheet they did for homework last night. The teacher then performed several reactions in front of the class and the class was instructed to wirite the complete balanced equation for each reaction.
February 14
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
animation
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
animation of precipitation reaction
another animation
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
Students worked on the other side of the worksheet they did for homework last night. The teacher then performed several reactions in front of the class and the class was instructed to wirite the complete balanced equation for each reaction.
February 13,2013
Blocks 1B,5B
Single-Replacement Reactions
A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
A + BX ------> AX + B
or
A + XB -------> XA + B
A metal or halogen will only replace another metal or halogen if it is more reactive than that metal or halogen. You must refer to the activity series of metals or halogens.
At this point in the class the students were instructed to go to the lab and, using the solutions and metals available, create an activity list of these metals. You can download the lab data sheet below.
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
animation
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
animation of precipitation reaction
At this point students went to the lab and performed double replacement reactions.
another animation
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
Students worked on the worksheet that can be downloaded below
reaction_types_and_balancing_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 67 kb |
File Type: |
February 12,2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
Single-Replacement Reactions
A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
A + BX ------> AX + B
or
A + XB -------> XA + B
A metal or halogen will only replace another metal or halogen if it is more reactive than that metal or halogen. You must refer to the activity series of metals or halogens.
At this point in the class the students were instructed to go to the lab and, using the solutions and metals available, create an activity list of these metals. You can download the lab data sheet below.
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
animation
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
animation of precipitation reaction
At this point students went to the lab and performed double replacement reactions.
another animation
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
Students worked on the worksheet that can be downloaded below
reaction_types_and_balancing_ws.pdf | |
File Size: | 67 kb |
File Type: |
February 11, 2013
Blocks 1B,5B
Single-Replacement Reactions
A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
A + BX ------> AX + B
or
A + XB -------> XA + B
A metal or halogen will only replace another metal or halogen if it is more reactive than that metal or halogen. You must refer to the activity series of metals or halogens.
At this point in the class the students were instructed to go to the lab and, using the solutions and metals available, create an activity list of these metals. You can download the lab data sheet below.
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
February 8, 2013
Blocks 1A,2A,4A
Single-Replacement Reactions
A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
A + BX ------> AX + B
or
A + XB -------> XA + B
A metal or halogen will only replace another metal or halogen if it is more reactive than that metal or halogen. You must refer to the activity series of metals or halogens.
At this point in the class the students were instructed to go to the lab and, using the solutions and metals available, create an activity list of these metals. You can download the lab data sheet below.
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
activity_series_lab.pdf | |
File Size: | 43 kb |
File Type: |