december 18 - 23,2014
Limiting Reactant(Reagent)
any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction.
The limiting reactant determines the amount of product that can be formed.
excess reactant(reagent)
any reactant that is present in a quantity that is more than sufficient
to react with the limiting reactant.
There is excess of this reactant after the limiting reactant is used up.
Stoichiometry
the calculations of quantities of substances involved in chemical reactions
mole ratio
Mole ratio refers to the ratio between the number of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation.
December 20,2013
Students went over the test they took last class.
Students then finished the silver lab.
December 18, 2013
students took the first test of the marking period.
Students then completed the silver-copper nitrate lab
December 16,2013
Students reviewed for the upcoming test.
mole ratio
Mole ratio refers to the ratio between the number of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation.
December 11,2013
Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis (Combination) Reaction
A reaction in which two or more substances react to produce a single product.
A + B ----> AB
decomposition reaction
A reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or compounds.
AB ------> A + B
Single-Replacement Reactions
A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
A + BX ------> AX + B
or
A + XB -------> XA + B
A metal or halogen will only replace another metal or halogen if it is more reactive than that metal or halogen. You must refer to the activity series of metals or halogens.
Double Replacement Reactions
A reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds
AB + CD -----> AD + CB
Combustion Reactions
A reaction in which oxygen combines with a substance.
A + O2 -------->
mole ratio
Mole ratio refers to the ratio between the number of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation.
One mole of any substance is equal to its' atomic mass expressed in grams
Molar mass
the mass in grams of one mole of any substance
December 2, 2013
Balancing Chemical Equations
In a balanced chemical equation the mass is conserved. Each side of the equation has the same number of atoms of each
element.
Only the coefficient can be changed when balancing a chemical equation.
January 2, 2013
Honors Chemistry
Shapes of Molecules
VSEPR Theory:
Atoms in a molecule will arrange in the shape that best minimizes the repulsion
of their shared and unshared valence electrons pairs.
Shared Electron Pairs
Valence electrons that are involved in a covalent bond
Unshared Electron Pairs
Valence electrons that are not involved in a covalent bond
Shapes
Linear 180 2 or 3 atoms
Bent 104.5 3 atoms
Trigonal
planar 120 4 atoms
Trigonal
pyramidal 107.3 4 atoms
Tetrahedral 109.5 5 atoms
December 20,2012
Honors Chemistry
Sigma Bond
All single covalent bonds are sigma bonds
Pi Bond
All double and triple covalent bonds contain one sigma and one or more pi bonds
Bond Length
The distance from the center of one nucleus to the center of the other nucleus of two bonded atoms
As the number of shared electron pairs increases the bond length decreases.
Resonance is when more than one valid electron dot structurer can be written for a molecule
Coordinate covalent bond
when one atom donates both of the shared electrons in a covalent bond
Naming molecular (covalent) compounds:
-The first element in the formula is always named first, using the entire element name
- The second element in the formula is named using its' root
and adding the suffix -ide
- Prefixes are added to both names to indicate the number of atoms in each element present in the compound.
Molecular formula
formula that shows the number and type of elements in a molecule
Structural formula
uses symbols and bonds to show the position of each atom
December 18,2012
Honors Chemistry
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted value
Precision refers to how close a series of measurements are to each other.
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond that results from the sharing of valence electrons
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond covalently
Single Covalent Bond
A bond in which two electrons are shared by two atoms
Double Covalent Bond
A bond in which four electrons are shared by two atoms
Triple Covalent Bond
A bond in which six electrons are shared by two atoms
.
December 14, 2012
Honors Chemistry
Student had a full period test today
December 12, 2012
Honors Chemistry
We began the class by reviewing for the test students will take next time we meet (friday december 14)
Recognizing Significant Figures
- Nonzero numbers are always significant
- zeros between nonzero numbers are always significant
-All final zeros to the right of the decimal are significant. There must be a decimal in the number.
-Zeros to the left of a nonzero number are never significant unless they are sandwiched between nonzero numbers
Calculations with significant figures
multipication and division
-round the final answer to the same number of significant digits are the measurement with the fewest significant digits
Addition and subtraction
The answer must have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal as the measurement with the fewest digits to the right of the decimal
To download the significant figure worksheet students worked on in class click the link below
significant_figures_worksheet.pdf | |
File Size: | 50 kb |
File Type: |
Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to an accepted value
Precision refers to how close a series of measurements are to each other.
December 10, 2012
Honors Chemistry
Properties of ionic compounds
- high melting point
-conducts electricity when dissolved in water or melted
-crystal structure
-hard
-brittle
Ionic bond
The electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions togeather
Properties of metals
- malleable
-conduct heat and electricity
-high melting points
-strong
Metallic bonds
The attraction of free-floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions(cations).
December 6, 2012
Honors Chemistry
Ionic compounds that include transition metals:
Naming- Naming must include the charge of the cation in parentheses after the symbol of the cation and befor the symbol of the anion.
ex: copper (II) chloride
Students worked on the
naming ionic compound worksheet below
naming_and_writing_ionic_compounds.pdf | |
File Size: | 65 kb |
File Type: |
Students worked on formula writing and naming lab.
Click below to download the lab
ionic_formula_writing_lab_2.pdf | |
File Size: | 428 kb |
File Type: |
Students worked in lab on "properties of ionic compounds lab"
To download lab click the link below
properties_of_ionic_compounds_lab.pdf | |
File Size: | 102 kb |
File Type: |
Honors Chemistry
December 4, 2012
Do Now:
Using electron dot structures, show the formation(and write the chemical formula) of the compound formed between calcium and nitrogen
ionic compounds are made up of a metal (cation)and a nonmetal (anion)
Polyatomic ions:
an ion made up of 2 or more atoms bonded together that carries a charge.
Binary ionic compounds:
Ionic compounds made up of only 2 different elements.
Naming binary ionic Compounds:
a) cation is the same name as the element
b) anion is the same as the element but ends in -ide
When naming ionic compounds that contain polyatomic ions use the same rules but the polyatomic name is included without the -ide.
Ionic compounds that include transition metals:
Naming- Naming must include the charge of the cation in parentheses after the symbol of the cation and befor the symbol of the anion.
ex: copper (II) chloride
Students worked on the
naming ionic compound worksheet below
naming_and_writing_ionic_compounds.pdf | |
File Size: | 65 kb |
File Type: |